A responsive site is a site that adapts to the media display. It's a neat trick so your website stays functional and responsive.
Websites wouldn't nearly be as functional without it.
It's a great point to start with. Other than the ubiquity of mobile phones these days, the simplicity and scale of a website on the phone forces designers to use economy to their advantage, whereas desktop websites have more room for designing and creating.
A framework, which should be self-explanatory, is a "skeleton" used to layout websites. Different frameworks have different objectives and design choices, but are ready-made solutions to the long process of building a sturdy CSS file. My understanding of the depths and posibilities with Frameworks are limited because I've only used them in a HTML and CSS context. The only disadvantaged would be the limitation with customization. Skeleton for example, only has two button types by default.
A wireframe, which should also be self-explanatory, is a mock-up draft of your website. This can be created with pen and paper. You could also manage the divisions and classes you wish to implement while drafting the website.
Index Desktop
Blog Desktop
Index Mobile
Blog Mobile
The most difficult aspect was the layout. I realized I couldn't match the wireframe exactly due to my design choices, but I managed to get as close as I could. In some areas I left out the wireframe entirely and improvised.
For my next design, I'll be drafting the wireframe with pen and paper.